Cannabis Plant

What is Medical Cannabis

What is Medical Cannabis (Cannabis Based Medical Products)

What is Medical Cannabis? What is it used to treat?

Cannabis Based Medical Products (CBMPs) or Medical Cannabis are medications derived from the cannabis plant, containing cannabidiol (CBD) and/or Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC – which is the psychoactive substance in cannabis). In the UK medical cannabis has been legal since 2018 for the treatment of psychological, neurological, and chronic pain conditions as well as, palliative and/or end of life care: for sake of brevity a full list of conditions treated in the UK is highlighted in eligibility section of this website.

What’s the eligibility criteria?

With cannabis based medical products (CBMPs) being unlicenced, the census would be for patients to evidence unmet clinical needs i.e., their health is not improving despite having ongoing treatment or interventions via conventional healthcare services. It is important for all patients to recognise that due to cannabis containing a psychoactive substance, for the safety of potential patients, if you have any of the diagnosis listed in the exclusion criteria, you will not be eligible. We would advise these patients to liaise with their consultants at the NHS and explore an alternative treatment method to support their health needs.

Patients have a right to a second opinion, provided they do not have any counterindications listed in the exclusion criteria below. Patient’s must be over 18 years of age.

Exclusion Criteria?  

Like all medications, CBMPs is not advisable to use if you struggle from one of the following: –

  • Suffer with high BP (If this is not stable)
  • History of psychosis
  • Diagnosis of schizophrenia
  • Heart condition (Which has NOT been stable for 6+ months)
  • Pregnant or breast-feeding

What are the side effects of medical cannabis?

Side effects of CBMPs include:

  • Drowsiness
  • Confusion
  • Imbalance
  • Euphoria
  • Diarrhea
  • Dry mouth
  • Anxiety and/or Depression
  • Heart Palpitations
  • Psychological Dependence
  • Tolerance
  • Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome (CHS)

Adverse reactions include:

  • Headaches
  • Migraines
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhoea

If you experience an adverse reaction, it is important that you report your symptoms to the MHRA via yellow card, who are the medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency. To report a yellow card, please follow this link and fill out the form: Yellow Card | Making medicines and medical devices safer (mhra.gov.uk). It is also vital that you inform your clinic, to ensure this medication is not prescribed to you again in the future.

Cannabis dependence:

Cannabis dependence is known clinically as cannabis use disorder, and user’s of any form of medicines, including medical cannabis are prone to psychological dependency.

Signs of Psychological dependence include:

  • Not using medications as prescribed -> using more than required or larger dosages and/or more frequently
  • Withdrawal
  • Developed a tolerance and require more
  • Failed repeated attempts to control or stop use
  • Physical or psychological concerns related to use (i.e., respiratory concerns or fluctuation in mood)
  • Missing relevant appointments or work to use
  • Craving for purposes other than prescribed

If you experience any of the following, please get in touch with your prescriber, so that they may manage this concern accordingly.

Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS)

Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome, also known as cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, can affect people who are exposed to prolonged, high doses of cannabis: this can also occur with medical cannabis use.

Signs of Cannabis Hyperemesis Syndrome include:

  • Intense nausea and vomiting
  • Projectile vomiting (can happen without warning, up to 5x an hour)
  • Extreme Diarrhea
  • Lack of appetite
  • Weight loss

Although this is uncommon, if you experience any of the following, please reduce use or stop where possible and urgently alert your prescriber. If symptoms are uncontrollable, please seek urgent medical intervention as you are at risk of dehydration.

Monitoring BP / Warfin prescription

Medical cannabis can for some people cause heart palpations, it is important that people with a history of high blood pressure or a heart condition to be mindful of this, particularly those on warfarin as cannabis can impact the liver enzymes, interacting with other medications. It is important that you work alongside your GP and relevant health care professionals to adequately address your heart.

If you are someone who meets this criterion, regularly monitoring your blood pressure would aid in ensuring your safety and enables you to appropriately reach out for support.

Blood pressure guidance:

Low 90/60 or below Inform GP and clinic, if unwell seek medical attention
Ok 90/60 – 140/90 Continue to monitor – update clinic at FUP appointment
Raised 141/91 – 179/119 Raised, monitor and inform GP and clinic
High 180/120 or more Significant risk, needs urgent review – update GP and clinic

 

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Water Activity: A Guide for Medical Cannabis Producers

Water Activity: A Guide for Medical Cannabis Producers 

Introduction

As the global demand for medical cannabis continues to surge, the attention to quality control measures becomes increasingly critical. One such parameter gaining prominence in the cannabis industry is water activity (aw). This blog delves into the multifaceted role of water activity, extending beyond its conventional association with edibles and food safety. Specifically, we explore its impact on microbial stability, storage stability of harvested buds and extracts, its correlation to product quality attributes, and its implications for shelf life. Additionally, we discuss its current inclusion in state regulations and emphasise the need for a holistic understanding of water activity in the cannabis industry.

The Theory of Water Activity

Water activity is not a novel concept but is deeply rooted in the fundamental laws of thermodynamics, as per Gibb’s free energy equation. It represents the relative chemical potential energy of water in a system, measured by the partial vapour pressure of water in a headspace at equilibrium with the sample. This comprehensive understanding helps differentiate water activity from moisture content, with water activity providing a more accurate indication of microbial, chemical, and physical stability in cannabis products.

Water Activity and Microbial Safety

Microbial contamination poses a significant threat to cannabis products, leading to allergic reactions, respiratory complications, or food borne illnesses. Water activity serves as a critical control point for preventing microbial contamination, dictating the ability of microorganisms to grow and reproduce. While moisture content is an extensive property related to purity, water activity is an intensive property directly influencing microbial growth limits. Establishing water activity below 0.63 aw is crucial for ensuring shelf stability, preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria and moulds that could compromise product safety.

Water Activity and Chemical Stability

Water activity is not only a guardian against microbial growth but also a determinant of chemical stability in cannabis products. Processing biomass and edibles to water activities below 0.63 aw mitigates the risk of microbial spoilage but doesn’t guarantee unlimited shelf life. Chemical degradation, such as tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) loss due to decarboxylation, becomes a pertinent concern. Water activity influences reaction rates, with lower water activity correlating with minimised chemical degradation. The hygrothermal time model is a valuable tool for predicting reaction rates and establishing the ideal water activity range for maximising shelf life while minimising chemical degradation.

Water Activity and Storage Stability

Harvested cannabis must be adequately dried to facilitate storage and transport. Water activity below 0.63 aw is essential to prevent mould growth, particularly in dried biomass. Adequate packaging, with good moisture barrier properties, becomes imperative to preserve water activity levels during storage and transport.

Water Activity and Regulations

While water activity is recognised for its role in ensuring the safety and stability of cannabis products, its inclusion in state regulations varies. States like Nevada, California, Oregon, and Washington have incorporated water activity testing requirements into their regulations. Additionally, ASTM standards have been established to standardise water activity testing in the cannabis industry, emphasising its importance in maintaining product quality and safety.

Conclusion

In the dynamic landscape of the medical cannabis industry, water activity emerges as a versatile and indispensable parameter. Its influence extends from microbial safety to chemical stability, storage stability, and overall product quality. For medical cannabis producers eyeing the UK market, understanding and controlling water activity is not just a standard to maintain but a strategic move to ensure the longevity, safety, and efficacy of their products. As the industry continues to evolve, embracing the multifaceted significance of water activity will undoubtedly set exporters apart, fostering a reputation for excellence and reliability in the global market.

References

  1. D.S. Reid, Water Activity in Foods (Blackwell Publishing and the Institute of Food Technologists, Ames, Iowa, 2007) pp. 15–28.
  2. A.J. Fontana, Water Activity in Foods (Blackwell Publishing and the Institute of Food Technologists, Ames, Iowa, 2007) pp. 155–171.
  3. M.S. Tapia, S.M. Alzamora, and J. Chirife, Water Activity in Foods (Blackwell Publishing and the Institute of Food Technologists, Ames, Iowa, 2007) pp. 239–271.
  4. L. Beuchat, J. Food Prot.46(2), 135–141 (1983).
  5. W. Scott, Adv. Food Res.7,83–127 (1957).
  6. National Cannabis Industry Association. https://thecannabisindustry.org/ncia-news-resources/state-by-state-policies/. (June 2019).
  7. H. Lueng, Water Activity: Theory and Applications to Food (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, New York, 1987) pp. 27–45.
  8. B.P Carter, R.M. Syamaladevi, M.T. Galloway, G.S. Campbell, and S.S. Sablani, Proceedings for the 8th Shelf Life International Meeting, U. Klinkesorn, Ed. (Bangkok, Thailand: Kasetsart University, 2017) pp. 40–45.
  9. H. Eyring, J. Chem. Phys.4, 283 (1936).
  10. The What, How, and Why of Water Activity in Cannabis. https://www.cannabissciencetech.com/view/what-how-and-why-water-activity-cannabis/ (December 2023).
  11. Water Activity And Cannabis. https://aqualab.com/en/knowledge-base/webinars/water-activity-and-cannabis/ (December 2023),

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The Cannabis Plant: Nature’s Gift Unveiled

Cannabis Bud AI Generated Image

Introduction

The cannabis plant, scientifically known as Cannabis sativa, has been a part of human history for millennia, revered for its versatility and medicinal properties. In this comprehensive blog, we will explore the fascinating anatomy, life cycle, pollination methods, defence mechanisms, habitats, and diverse types, shapes, and colours of the cannabis plant. Let’s embark on this journey of discovery and unravel the enigmatic world of cannabis.

Anatomy of the Cannabis Plant

The cannabis plant is a hardy, dioecious flowering plant, meaning it has separate male and female reproductive structures. Below is a simple table illustrating the basic anatomy of the cannabis plant:

Plant Part Function
Leaves Photosynthesis and transpiration
Stems Support, nutrient transport, and storage
Flowers (Buds) Reproductive structures containing cannabinoids
Seeds Reproduction and dispersal of the species
Roots Anchoring, nutrient and water absorption

1. Cola:

The Cola refers to the cluster of buds at the top of the female cannabis plant. It contains high concentrations of cannabinoids, such as THC and CBD, making it a crucial component for medical cannabis production. Colas are carefully cultivated and harvested for their therapeutic properties, contributing to the medicinal benefits of the plant.

2. Sugar Leaf:

Sugar Leaves are the small, sugar-coated leaves that surround the Cola and other buds. These leaves contain trichomes, which are resin-producing glands responsible for synthesising cannabinoids and terpenes. Sugar Leaves are also utilised in medical cannabis preparations due to their cannabinoid-rich content.

3. Pistil and Stigma:

Pistils and Stigmas are the reproductive structures of the female cannabis plant. The Pistil consists of the Stigma, which is a hair-like structure designed to capture pollen during pollination. While cannabis growers typically remove male plants to prevent seed development, these female reproductive components play a significant role in medical cannabis production as they are rich in cannabinoids and other beneficial compounds.

4. Trichomes:

Trichomes are tiny, crystal-like structures that cover the surface of cannabis plants, including the Cola and Sugar Leaves. These structures are the powerhouse of medicinal compounds, housing a majority of the cannabinoids and terpenes responsible for the therapeutic effects of medical cannabis. Trichomes are carefully preserved during harvesting to ensure maximum medicinal potency.

5. Fan Leaf:

Fan Leaves are the large, fan-shaped leaves that emerge from the cannabis plant’s branches. While they contain minimal cannabinoid content, they play a crucial role in the photosynthesis process, providing the plant with the energy it needs to produce therapeutic compounds. Fan Leaves also contribute to the overall health and vigour of the medical cannabis plant.

6. Bract and Calyx:

Bracts are modified leaves found at the base of each Cola, while Calyxes are small, cup-like structures that encase the cannabis seeds when pollinated. While Bracts and Calyxes have limited cannabinoid content, they are essential components for medical cannabis growers as they protect and support seed development, which is crucial for strain preservation and breeding purposes.

Life Cycle of the Cannabis Plant

The life cycle of the cannabis plant consists of several stages, each crucial for its survival and propagation. Let’s take a look at the key phases:

  1. Germination: The life cycle begins with a seed, which germinates when exposed to water, light, and suitable temperature conditions.
  2. Vegetative Stage: During this phase, the plant focuses on vegetative growth, producing leaves and stems. It requires ample light, nutrients, and water.
  3. Flowering Stage: As the plant matures, it enters the flowering stage. Female plants develop buds containing cannabinoids, while male plants produce pollen for pollination.
  4. Pollination: Cannabis plants employ various pollination methods, primarily wind pollination or insect-facilitated pollination.
  5. Seed Production: If pollination is successful, female plants produce seeds within their buds.
  6. Death and Decay: After seed production, the plant completes its life cycle and eventually dies or goes dormant.

Pollination Methods of the Cannabis Plant

The cannabis plant has developed different strategies for pollination. The two main methods are:

  1. Wind Pollination: In this method, male cannabis plants release pollen grains into the air, which are carried by the wind and may land on female flowers, leading to fertilisation and seed production.
  2. Insect-Facilitated Pollination: Some cannabis strains have co-evolved with insects like bees and butterflies to facilitate pollination. These insects visit male flowers, collect pollen, and transfer it to female flowers, aiding in fertilisation.

Defence Mechanisms of the Cannabis Plant

To protect itself from predators and environmental stressors, the cannabis plant deploys various defence mechanisms. These include:

  1. Cannabinoids: Cannabis plants produce a range of cannabinoids, including THC and CBD, which can deter herbivores and insects.
  2. Trichomes: Tiny hair-like structures on the surface of cannabis leaves and buds secrete resin, which contains cannabinoids and terpenes that can repel pests.
  3. Smell: The strong aroma produced by cannabis plants can attract pollinators and beneficial insects while repelling potential threats.
  4. Adaptability: Cannabis plants can adjust their growth patterns and chemistry in response to environmental conditions, enabling them to survive in various habitats.

Habitats of the Cannabis Plant

The cannabis plant is remarkably adaptable and can thrive in diverse habitats, including:

  1. Outdoor Environments: Cannabis grows well in temperate climates with long growing seasons, such as parts of North America, Europe, and Asia.
  2. Indoor Cultivation: Controlled indoor environments with appropriate lighting, temperature, and humidity can also support cannabis growth.
  3. Greenhouses: Greenhouses offer a balance between outdoor and indoor cultivation, providing a controlled environment with natural light.

Various Types, Shapes, and Colours of Cannabis

Cannabis exhibits a wide array of types, shapes, and colours, influenced by factors such as genetics, cultivation techniques, and environmental conditions. Below are some common cannabis types:

Type Shape Colour
Sativa Tall, slender Light green, orange, yellow
Indica Short, bushy Dark green, purple
Ruderalis Small and rugged Pale green
Hybrids Varies depending on mix Combination of colours

Conclusion

The cannabis plant is a remarkable botanical wonder, with a rich history and countless applications in various fields. Understanding its anatomy, life cycle, pollination methods, defence mechanisms, habitats, and diverse characteristics can foster appreciation for this extraordinary plant. Whether it’s for medical purposes, recreational use, or industrial applications, the cannabis plant continues to intrigue and amaze humanity, reminding us of the wonders of nature.

Disclaimer:
This post aims to provide general information about the cannabis plant. Cultivation, possession, and use of cannabis is illegal without the correct authorisation Always abide by the laws and regulations put in place. Consult a qualified professional for personalised advice related to medical cannabis.

Terpenes: Unveiling Nature’s Aromatic Healers in Cannabis
Understanding the Endocannabinoid System
A Comprehensive Guide to the Endocannabinoid System, Cannabinoids, Terpenes, Flavonoids, and More

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Terpenes: Unveiling Nature’s Aromatic Healers in Cannabis

Introduction

Terpenes, the aromatic compounds found in various plants, including cannabis, have gained attention for their potential therapeutic benefits. These natural wonders not only provide delightful scents and flavours but also contribute to the entourage effect, enhancing the medicinal properties of cannabinoids. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the world of terpenes, exploring their diverse benefits and highlighting their presence in cannabis strains.

What are Terpenes?

Terpenes are organic compounds produced in the resin glands of plants, including cannabis. They are responsible for the distinctive aromas and tastes of different strains. In addition to their sensory appeal, terpenes offer a range of therapeutic effects. More than 200 terpenes have been identified in cannabis, each with its own unique characteristics and potential health benefits.

Natural Occurrence of Terpenes

Terpenes are not unique to cannabis; they are widespread in the plant kingdom and can be found in various fruits, vegetables, herbs, and flowers. These compounds are synthesised in the resin glands of plants and serve essential ecological functions. In nature, terpenes act as attractants for pollinators, deterrents for predators, and defence mechanisms against microbial and insect attacks. The diverse aromas and flavours emitted by plants owe their existence to the rich variety of terpenes present. From the soothing scent of lavender to the zesty aroma of citrus fruits, terpenes create an aromatic symphony in the natural world.

Historical and Cultural Influence of Terpenes

Terpenes have played significant roles in human history and culture. For centuries, people have utilised the aromatic properties of plants containing terpenes for various purposes. In ancient civilisations, plants rich in terpenes were used in traditional medicine, perfumery, and religious rituals. The Egyptians used myrrh, a resinous plant containing terpenes, in embalming processes. The ancient Greeks and Romans valued the uplifting effects of terpene-rich plants like mint and rosemary. Throughout history, the cultural significance of terpenes has extended to culinary arts, where herbs and spices infused with terpenes add depth and flavour to dishes. Today, terpenes continue to shape the world of fragrance, food, and medicine, providing us with an appreciation of nature’s aromatic wonders.

Harnessing Terpenes for Medicinal Use

For medical cannabis patients, understanding terpenes is essential for optimising treatment. By selecting strains with specific terpene profiles, patients can tailor their cannabis-based therapies to suit their individual needs. Consulting with a knowledgeable healthcare professional or pharmacist experienced in medical cannabis can provide valuable guidance in strain selection.

Terpenes have shown promise in various areas of health and wellness. When combined with cannabinoids like THC and CBD, they work synergistically to enhance the therapeutic potential of cannabis. Let’s explore some of the prominent terpenes found in cannabis and their potential medicinal benefits:

Myrcene:

  • Aroma: Herbal, Musky
  • Medicinal Benefits:
    • Sedative properties, aiding in relaxation and stress relief.
    • Potential anti-inflammatory effects, which may help reduce pain and inflammation.

Limonene:

  • Aroma: Citrus
  • Medicinal Benefits:
    • Uplifting and energising, making it effective in combating depression and anxiety.
    • May have gastro-protective properties, promoting digestive health.

Pinene:

  • Aroma: Pine
  • Medicinal Benefits:
    • Promotes mental alertness and memory retention.
    • Acts as a bronchodilator, potentially aiding respiratory conditions like asthma.

Linalool:

  • Aroma: Floral
  • Medicinal Benefits:
    • Exhibits calming effects, helping to ease anxiety and improve sleep quality.
    • Shows potential as an antimicrobial, aiding in wound healing and infection prevention.

Caryophyllene:

  • Aroma: Spicy, Peppery
  • Medicinal Benefits:
    • Acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent, potentially relieving chronic pain.
    • Binds to CB2 receptors, contributing to the overall anti-inflammatory effect.

Humulene:

  • Aroma: Earthy, Woody
  • Medicinal Benefits:
    • Exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.
    • May have potential as an appetite suppressant.

Terpinolene:

  • Aroma: Floral, Herbal
  • Medicinal Benefits:
    • Exhibits sedative effects, aiding in relaxation and sleep.
    • Shows promise as an antioxidant and anticancer agent.

Terpineol:

  • Aroma: Floral, Lilac
  • Medicinal Benefits:
    • May have relaxing and sedative effects.
    • Shows potential as an antimicrobial and antioxidant.

Table of Known Terpenes and Their Health Benefits:

TerpeneAromaNatural SourcesMedicinal Benefits
MyrceneHerbal, MuskyMango, Lemongrass, Hops, ThymeSedative, Anti-Inflammatory
LimoneneCitrusLemon, Lime, Orange, Rosemary, JuniperUplifting, Antidepressant, Digestive Health
PinenePinePine Needles, Rosemary, Basil, SageMental Alertness, Bronchodilator
LinaloolFloralLavender, Jasmine, Rosewood, CorianderCalming, Sleep Aid, Antimicrobial
CaryophylleneSpicy, PepperyBlack Pepper, Cloves, Cinnamon, HopsAnti-Inflammatory, Pain Relief
HumuleneEarthy, WoodyHops, Coriander, Basil, ClovesAnti-Inflammatory, Analgesic, Potential Appetite Suppressant
TerpinoleneFloral, HerbalLilacs, Nutmeg, Tea Tree, ApplesSedative, Antioxidant, Potential Anticancer Agent
TerpineolFloral, LilacLilacs, Pine, Eucalyptus, CannabisRelaxing, Sedative, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant

Conclusion

Terpenes, the aromatic compounds found in cannabis and other plants, offer more than just pleasant scents and flavours. These natural wonders possess a wide range of potential medicinal benefits when combined with cannabinoids. By exploring the diverse terpenes present in cannabis strains, patients can make informed choices to enhance their health and well-being. As the scientific understanding of terpenes continues to grow, we can expect further advancements in cannabis-based therapies and the utilisation of these aromatic healers.

Note: It is crucial to consult with a qualified healthcare professional before starting any medical cannabis treatment to ensure safety and efficacy for your specific medical conditions.

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